THE BILINGUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL Winter , Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. ENDANGERED NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES: WHAT IS TO BE DONE, AND WHY? James Crawford Abstract Language loss, a global phenomenon, is accelerating among indigenous groups in the United States. A large majority of Native American vernaculars are spoken only by elders and the American Indian Heritage Month. Architectural Research. Seeking the full history of the William Bray School in a new initiative. Archaeology. Bringing the Past to Life. Livestreams. Discover something new. Virtual Tours. Explore in degrees. Architectural Research Jul 13, · Immigrants are Less Likely than the Native-Born to Be Behind Bars According to an original analysis of data from the American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the authors of this report, roughly percent of immigrant males age are incarcerated, compared to percent of the native-born
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NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States; Baciu A, Negussie Y, Geller A, et al. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity. Washington DC : National Academies Press US ; Jan To sufficiently examine and ultimately address health disparities affecting Native Americans, it is essential to understand the unique historical and legal context of Native American communities in the United States.
Native American tribes have a legal relationship with the federal government that can be traced back to the 18th century, which has shaped the conditions that impact the health of this population.
According to a report transmitted by the U. The original basis for the federal—tribe relationship is rooted in Article I, Section 8 of the U. with the Indian tribes. While there is no single legal source of the federal government's trust obligation to Native American tribes, there is an extensive history of treaties, laws, and judicial decisions that collectively form the legal basis of this obligation.
The American Indian Policy Review Native american research paper Report commissioned by Congress cites treaties in which the United States acquired land in exchange for its commitment to protect the people and property of tribes from encroachment by U. citizens American Indian Policy Review Commission, Among the most noteworthy court cases is Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, the Supreme Court held that Indian tribes are guaranteed protection against interference from the states, as they are domestic sovereigns of the United States, native american research paper.
Commission on Civil Rights, It is important to highlight the role of assimilation policies that began in the late s because these policies have had sustained effects on Native American communities and, ultimately, native american research paper, their health conditions.
As the United States expanded westward, Native Americans were forced to move to reservations, and the federal government made efforts to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society. As tribes resettled, they continued to suffer from the infectious diseases that plagued the population during the prior decades of warfare. Assimilation policies took on many forms, including the General Allotment Act of4 legislation that abolished the group title of a tribe to land and replaced it with individual plots.
In addition, the Bureau of Indian Affairs implemented a boarding school system, which prohibited traditional Native American practices, including religion, medicine, language, and other traditional cultural expressions e. Shelton, This boarding school system, native american research paper, coupled with the prohibition of traditional health care activities, exacerbated the already dismal health and living conditions of Native American communities at the time.
The results included rampant infectious diseases, poor sanitation, malnutrition, poverty, native american research paper, overcrowding and inadequate ventilation in homes, poor education practices, and isolation. The harsh conditions that Native Americans had to endure on reservations were extensively documented in The Meriam Reporta study commissioned to assess the status of tribes across the country at the time Meriam, After the assimilation era, there was a series of policies and legislation that formed the periods of Native American policy known as reorganization and, subsequently, termination.
In his report on the legal and historical roots of health care for Native Americans, Shelton detailed the chronology and impact of these policies, including the Indian Reorganization Act of IRA. This positive shift in power was short-lived, as it was followed by termination policies in the s, which had enduring effects on Native American communities regarding mental health, identity, and social and family networks Walls and Whitbeck, native american research paper, The termination policies resulted in the removal of tribes' federal recognition, the elimination of their reservations, and the forced relocation of Native Americans from their tribal lands to major urban areas.
Following the termination-era policies, the federal government made the official transition to tribal self-determination and passed laws to restore tribal sovereignty, native american research paper. In Congress recognized the importance of tribal decision making in tribal affairs native american research paper the significance of the nation-to-nation relationship between the United States and tribes through the passage of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act ISDEAA.
Department of Interior and the Secretary of the U. Department of Health and Human Services to enter self-determination contracts or compacts with tribal organizations, upon the request of any Native American tribe Bauman and Floyd, Subsequent amendments to the ISDEAA strengthened the federal policies supporting tribal self-determination and self-governance.
Unlike other racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States, Native Americans have legal rights to federal health care services. Federal responsibility for Native American health care was codified in the Snyder Act of 7 and the Indian Health Care Improvement Act 8 IHCIA ofwhich together form the legislative authority native american research paper the federal agency known today as the Indian Health Service IHS U.
The Snyder Act authorized funding for health care services to federally recognized tribes, and the IHCIA defined the structure for the delivery of health services and authorized the construction and maintenance of health care and sanitation facilities on reservations U. Native american research paper these pieces of legislation marked significant progress, the Snyder Act has been criticized for its use of broad and vague language, which does not facilitate long-term planning or provide resources based on need.
This is considered to have influenced the piecemeal approach that has shaped the funding and distribution of health care resources for Native Americans IOM, The IHS is the federal agency responsible for fulfilling the trust obligation to provide health services to Native Americans. When the federal responsibility for health care services was transferred from the U.
Department of the Interior to the U. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare inthe IHS was established under the Public Health Service, native american research paper. This transfer resulted in the doubling of appropriations for the IHS. Currently, the IHS operates within the U. Department of Health and Human Services. IHS is only required to provide federal health care services to federally recognized tribes.
Individual eligibility for services is determined by a number of criteria, including, but not limited to, the requirement that the individual is of Native American descent, is regarded as a tribal member, has some native american research paper evidence of tribal enrollment or certificate of origin, and resides native american research paper or near a federal reservation IOM, The IHS consists of a network of hospitals, clinics, field stations, and other programs that collectively serve approximately 2.
The IHS system is divided into three major branches: the federally operated direct health care services, tribally operated health care services, and urban Native American health care services and resource centers. For those who are eligible, health care services can be received at any IHS facility; however, there are complex rules that restrict the delivery of contract medical care that is not available in IHS facilities Jim et al.
Since the passage and amendments of the Native american research paper, there has been an increasing trend toward tribal self-governance with respect to all domains of life, including health care. As a result, tribes have the option to receive direct services from the IHS, native american research paper, to assume responsibility for health care with the option to contract with IHS, or to fund the establishment of their own programs or supplementation of ISDEAA programs IHS, The option of self-governance allows tribes to tailor health care services to the needs of their communities.
The IHS operates from the understanding that tribal leaders are in the best position to assess and address the needs of their communities. More than half of the IHS appropriation is currently administered by tribes, through self-determination contracts or self-governance compacts IHS, native american research paper, There are a number of barriers that preclude the IHS from reaching its full potential of providing quality, efficient health care native american research paper to its target population to reduce disparities U.
The persistent lack of adequate funding is often cited as a barrier to reducing the pervasive health disparities that affect Native Americans Sequist et al, native american research paper. Every year, Congress appropriates funds to IHS to fulfill the trust responsibility to provide health care services. A physician survey conducted in explored barriers to quality improvement within the IHS.
The findings revealed that access to high-quality specialists within geographic proximity, nonemergency hospital admission, high-quality imaging services, and high-quality outpatient mental health services were high-priority barriers for physicians Sequist et al.
Furthermore, a majority of the physicians felt that a lack of IHS funding to support provision of care through subspecialists was a crucial barrier to quality improvement Sequist et al. As is the case with all other populations, Native Americans' opportunities to achieve optimal health are affected by the social determinants of health in their communities, which in turn have been shaped by social and political processes, both historical native american research paper contemporary.
A keen understanding of the root causes and determinants of health will help inform the most effective and just solutions to address health inequities among Native Americans. Native Americans are one of the most economically impoverished populations in the United States.
Census Bureau, Given that income is a strong predictor of health outcomes and life expectancy Chetty et al. This particular population also has a higher proportion of people living in poverty than the rest of the country, with Income and poverty are inextricably tied to employment opportunities, of which there are too few for Native Americans.
Native Americans have the highest unemployment rate 9. Bureau of Labor Statistics, In terms of recent trends in economic well-being, native american research paper, it is important to recognize the lasting effects of the economic recession of Native Americans saw declines in employment and income that were similar to other racial and ethnic groups; however, this population on average was in a more vulnerable financial condition than other groups at the beginning of the period.
The unemployment rate for Native Americans spiked from 11 percent in to 18 percent in Pettit et al. In that same time period, Native Americans also experienced almost double the percentage increase in the poverty rate as other racial and ethnic groups did, with the largest increase observed in the West Pettit et al. By the overall Native American unemployment rate had dropped to Education is a significant determinant of health for Native Americans, as the U.
educational system has historically native american research paper a source of discrimination and, in many cases, native american research paper, trauma for this population.
One of the most overt examples of this is the implementation of the boarding school system, which was designed with the purpose of eliminating students' tribal identity and facilitating assimilation into mainstream American culture Executive Office of the President, ; Shelton, Today, educational progress for Native Americans is far behind that of other racial and ethnic groups.
A report from the Native american research paper Center for Education Statistics reveals that Native Americans have the highest high school dropout rate in the country, which was at In addition, Native Americans had the lowest high school completion rate inwhich was at This disparity has serious implications for health inequities among Native Americans because the evidence demonstrates that there is a strong link between high school completion and health Cutler and Lleras-Muney, native american research paper, Since the civil rights movement in the s, there has been an emergence of grassroots educational institutions that seek to support tribal identity, address academic deficiencies, and resolve the lack of quality education experiences and sense of displacement among tribal students Crazy Bull, Research suggests that culturally relevant education increases the likelihood that a young Native American stays in school, native american research paper.
Currently, approximately 20, students attend tribal colleges and universities full time in the United States Crazy Bull, Housing conditions for Native Americans are a major consideration for health disparities, on and off of reservations, native american research paper. Housing affordability is a community-level factor that affects Native Americans' access to shelter, native american research paper.
According to a recent U. Department of Housing and Urban Development report, from to roughly 4 out of 10 Native American households had excessive cost burdens, paying more than 30 percent of their income on housing Pettit et al. This was comparable to households among other racial and ethnic groups; however, Native American households were more likely to be severely cost-burdened i.
While home ownership rates in tribal areas were relatively high 67 percent inthe overall homeownership rate for Native Americans lagged behind that of other racial and ethnic groups, at 54 percent and 65 percent, respectively Pettit et al.
Safe and healthy housing is a determinant of health to which many Native Americans do not have access. For example, the U. Environmental Protection Agency reports that as ofthere were more thantribal homes lacking access to basic water sanitation EPA,native american research paper, and the IHS reports that almost 1 native american research paper 10 Native American homes are without safe and reliable water Indian Health Service, It should also be noted that there are certain Native American communities that are particularly affected by the lack of quality housing i.
Those living in extreme climate conditions, such as Alaska, native american research paper, are especially vulnerable to potential damages to their poor-quality housing caused by extreme weather. Overcrowding in homes is an issue for Native Americans that research suggests is linked to the onset or exacerbation of many health problems.
These health issues include respiratory conditions, the transmission of infectious diseases, child well-being i.
Native American Music Research Paper Video Presentation- Jake Knight
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Aug 22, · sources: Europe, coastal Native American tribes in America, and domestic modifications made from the first two sources’ technologies. Through time, technology improved, and while some farmers clung to their time-tested technologies, others were eager to find alternatives to these technologies. These farmers often turned to current developments in Jul 13, · Immigrants are Less Likely than the Native-Born to Be Behind Bars According to an original analysis of data from the American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the authors of this report, roughly percent of immigrant males age are incarcerated, compared to percent of the native-born Research in the Department of Anthropology spans from the emergence of our earliest ancestors to the ways communities sustain their cultures in today’s globalized societies. The collections of the Department of Anthropology are a vast and unparalleled resource for inquiry into the cultures, arts, and technologies of the world's peoples, from
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